儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)變流(liu)(liu)(liu)器，又(you)稱雙向儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)逆變器，英文名PCS（Power Conversion System），應用(yong)(yong)于并網儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)和微(wei)網儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)等交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)耦合儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)系統中，連接(jie)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池組和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網（或負(fu)荷(he)）之間，是實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)雙向轉換的(de)(de)裝置。既可把蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)逆變成交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，輸送(song)給(gei)(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網或者給(gei)(gei)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)負(fu)荷(he)使用(yong)(yong)；也可把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)整流(liu)(liu)(liu)為直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，給(gei)(gei)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
儲能變(bian)流器（PCS）由功(gong)(gong)率、控(kong)制(zhi)、保(bao)護、監(jian)控(kong)等軟(ruan)硬(ying)件電組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。分(fen)為單相(xiang)機(ji)和(he)三相(xiang)機(ji)，單相(xiang)PCS通常(chang)由雙向DC-DC升(sheng)降(jiang)壓裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和(he)DC/AC 交(jiao)直(zhi)流變(bian)換(huan)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)，直(zhi)流端通常(chang)是(shi)48Vdc，交(jiao)流端220Vac。三相(xiang)機(ji)分(fen)為兩種(zhong)，小(xiao)功(gong)(gong)率三相(xiang)PCS由雙向DC-DC升(sheng)降(jiang)壓裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和(he)DC/AC 交(jiao)直(zhi)流變(bian)換(huan)兩級裝(zhuang)置(zhi)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)，大功(gong)(gong)率三相(xiang)PCS由DC/AC 交(jiao)直(zhi)流變(bian)換(huan)一(yi)級裝(zhuang)置(zhi)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)。儲能變(bian)流器分(fen)為高(gao)頻隔(ge)離(li)、工頻隔(ge)離(li)和(he)不(bu)隔(ge)離(li)三種(zhong)，單相(xiang)和(he)小(xiao)功(gong)(gong)率20kW以下三相(xiang)PCS一(yi)般采(cai)用(yong)高(gao)頻隔(ge)離(li)的(de)方式，50kW到250kW的(de)，一(yi)般采(cai)用(yong)工頻隔(ge)離(li)的(de)方式，500kW以上一(yi)般采(cai)用(yong)不(bu)隔(ge)離(li)的(de)方式。
儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)變流器的重要技術(shu)參(can)數：由于應用場合不同，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)變流器的功能(neng)(neng)和(he)技術(shu)參(can)數差異較大，在選擇(ze)時應注(zhu)意系統(tong)(tong)電壓、功率因素、峰值(zhi)功率、轉換效(xiao)率、切換時間等等，這些參(can)數的選擇(ze)對儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系統(tong)(tong)功能(neng)(neng)影(ying)響(xiang)較大。
系統電壓
就是蓄(xu)電池組的(de)(de)(de)電壓(ya)，儲(chu)(chu)能變(bian)流器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)輸入電壓(ya)。不(bu)同技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能逆變(bian)器(qi)，系(xi)統電壓(ya)相(xiang)差較大，單(dan)相(xiang)兩級結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能變(bian)流器(qi)在(zai)50V左右，三(san)相(xiang)兩級結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能變(bian)流器(qi)在(zai)150V-550V之間。三(san)相(xiang)帶工頻(pin)隔離變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能變(bian)流器(qi)在(zai)500V-800V之間，三(san)相(xiang)不(bu)帶工頻(pin)隔離變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)能變(bian)流器(qi)在(zai)600V-900V之間。
功率因數
儲能(neng)逆變器正常運行時，功率(lv)因素(su)應大(da)于0.99，當系統參與功率(lv)因素(su)調節時，功率(lv)因素(su)范圍應該(gai)盡可能(neng)寬。
切換時間
儲(chu)能逆變器有兩(liang)種切換時(shi)間，一是充(chong)放電(dian)切換，大(da)(da)型儲(chu)能逆流應該能快速(su)切換運行狀態，通常要求在(zai)90%額定(ding)功率并(bing)網(wang)充(chong)電(dian)狀態和90%額定(ding)功率并(bing)網(wang)放電(dian)狀態之間，切換時(shi)間不(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)200ms，二是應用于(yu)并(bing)網(wang)模(mo)式和離網(wang)模(mo)式的(de)切換，切換時(shi)間不(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)100ms。
儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)變(bian)流器主要(yao)(yao)有(you)并(bing)(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和離網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)兩種工作模(mo)式(shi)。并(bing)(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)模(mo)式(shi)，實現蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)之間(jian)的(de)雙向能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)轉換。具有(you)并(bing)(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)逆變(bian)器的(de)特性，如防孤島、自動跟蹤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)相(xiang)位和頻率，低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)穿越(yue)等(deng)等(deng)，根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)調度或(huo)本地(di)控(kong)制的(de)要(yao)(yao)求，PCS 在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)負(fu)荷(he)(he)低谷(gu)期，把電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)轉換成(cheng)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，給(gei)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，具有(you)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管理(li)功能(neng)(neng)(neng)；在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)負(fu)荷(he)(he)高(gao)峰期，它又把蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組(zu)的(de)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)逆變(bian)成(cheng)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，回饋至公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)中去；在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)質量(liang)(liang)不好時，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)饋送或(huo)吸收有(you)功，提供(gong)(gong)無功補償(chang)等(deng)。離網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)模(mo)式(shi)，又稱(cheng)孤網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)運行，即能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)轉換系統(PCS)可以根據實際需要(yao)(yao)，在(zai)滿足設定要(yao)(yao)求的(de)情況(kuang)下，與(yu)主電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)脫(tuo)開，給(gei)本地(di)的(de)部分負(fu)荷(he)(he)提供(gong)(gong)滿足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)質量(liang)(liang)要(yao)(yao)求的(de)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。
總結
在(zai)多種能(neng)(neng)源組成的微網(wang)系統(tong)中，儲能(neng)(neng)變流(liu)器是(shi)最核心的設備(bei)，因(yin)為光(guang)伏(fu)、風(feng)力等可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源具(ju)有(you)波(bo)動(dong)性，而負荷也具(ju)有(you)波(bo)動(dong)性，燃(ran)油發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機只能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)出電(dian)能(neng)(neng)，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)吸收電(dian)能(neng)(neng)。如果系統(tong)中只有(you)光(guang)伏(fu)、風(feng)力和(he)燃(ran)油發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機，系統(tong)運行可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)會(hui)不(bu)(bu)平衡(heng)，當可(ke)(ke)再(zai)生能(neng)(neng)源的功率大(da)于(yu)負荷功率時(shi)，系統(tong)有(you)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)會(hui)出現(xian)故障，因(yin)此光(guang)伏(fu)并網(wang)逆變器難與燃(ran)油發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機并網(wang)運行，而儲能(neng)(neng)變流(liu)器可(ke)(ke)吸收能(neng)(neng)量，也可(ke)(ke)發(fa)(fa)出能(neng)(neng)量，且(qie)反應速度快，在(zai)系統(tong)中起到平衡(heng)作用。